Kungani i-USA Ithatha I-Fluoride Ngobunono Ku-Toothpaste

Isizinda Somlando Se-Fluoride Empilweni Yomlomo Yase-US

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-fluoride ekwelashweni kwamazinyo aseMelika kubuyela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho uDkt. Frederick McKay ethola khona “i-Colorado Brown Stain,” kamuva ehlotshaniswa ne-fluoride yemvelo eningi emanzini. Ngo-1945, iGrand Rapids, eMichigan yaba idolobha lokuqala emhlabeni ukufaka i-fluoride emanzini alo omphakathi, okunikeza ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi i-fluoride inciphisa imigodi. Ngawo-1970, abantu baseMelika abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 bathola amanzi ane-fluoride, futhi ucwaningo lwasheshe lwaphendukela ekufakeni i-fluoride ku-toothpaste.

Ngo-1956, iProcter & Gamble yethula iCrest, i-toothpaste yokuqala ye-fluoride eyathengiswa kuzwelonke. I-Crest yathola i-Seal of Acceptance ye-American Dental Association ngo-1960, okwenza amanye amabhrendi alandela. Ngawo-1970, i-fluoride yayisisungulwe ngokuqinile njengesithako esijwayelekile sokulwa nezimbobo, futhi cishe yonke i-toothpaste eyinhloko emashalofini ase-US yayine-fluoride.

Isicelo kanye noMthethonqubo

Ukwamukelwa kwe-Fluoride Toothpaste eMakethe yaseMelika

Ngemva kokwethulwa ngempumelelo kweCrest, imakethe yamazinyo yase-US yashintsha ngokushesha. Ngawo-1980, cishe yonke imikhiqizo emikhulu yayinikeza ifomula ye-fluoride, futhi ukwamukelwa kwabathengi kwanda kakhulu. Ucwaningo lwemakethe ngawo-1990 lubonise ukuthi izingane nabantu abadala baseMelika abangaphezu kuka-90% babegcoba amazinyo e-fluoride. Namuhla, izindawo zokudlela ezinkulu zigcwele imikhiqizo esekelwe kwi-fluoride, eqhutshwa yizincomo ezinamandla ezivela kodokotela bamazinyo kanye nemfuneko yokuthi noma iyiphi i-toothpaste ephethe i-ADA Seal kumele ibe ne-fluoride.

Uhlaka Lokulawula Olulawula I-Fluoride Ku-Toothpaste

E-United States, i-toothpaste ene-fluoride ilawulwa njengomuthi othengiswa ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela (OTC) ngaphansi kwe-Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Anticaries Monograph (21 CFR 355). I-FDA ivumela ama-compounds athile e-fluoride—njenge-sodium fluoride, i-sodium monofluorophosphate, kanye ne-stannous fluoride—ngokugcwala okulawulwayo. Izinhlobo ze-toothpaste ezijwayelekile zikhawulelwe ku-850–1,150 ppm fluoride (0.085%–0.115% fluoride ion). Isigaba "se-high-fluoride" (kufika ku-1,500 ppm) sivunyelwe kuphela ngezixwayiso zokuphepha ezengeziwe; noma yini engaphezu kwe-1,500 ppm idinga umuthi kadokotela.

Izidingo zokulebula nazo ziqinile. I-toothpaste kumele iziveze ngokucacile ukuthi “ilwa nokuguga” noma “i-fluoride” egameni lomkhiqizo, ibhale isithako se-fluoride esisebenzayo kanye nephesenti laso, futhi ibonise isixwayiso sokuphepha kwengane ngaphansi kwesithi “Amaqiniso Ngezidakamizwa”: “Gcina kude nezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-6 ubudala. Uma kugwinywe okungaphezu kwalokho okusetshenziswe ekuxubheni ngephutha, thola usizo lwezokwelapha noma uxhumane ne-Poison Control Center ngokushesha.” Iziqondiso zokusebenzisa—njengokuxubha kabili ngosuku nokuqapha izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-6—nazo ziyaphoqelelwa. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi abathengi bathola isiqondiso esicacile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-fluoride okuphephile nokusebenzayo.

Ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha

Izinzuzo Zempilo Yomphakathi kanye Nokusebenza Kahle

Ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ukuthi i-fluoride toothpaste inciphisa kakhulu ukubola kwamazinyo. Ukubuyekezwa okuphawulekayo okuvela ku-Cochrane Collaboration kuthole ukuthi i-fluoride toothpaste (≥1,000 ppm) ivimbela imigodi ezinganeni ngempumelelo kakhulu kunezinye izindlela ezingezona i-fluoride. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuxubha kabili ngosuku nge-fluoride toothpaste kunciphisa ingozi yokubola kwamazinyo ngo-14-30%. Isenzo se-fluoride sisiza ekuvuseleleni i-enamel futhi, uma sihlanganiswa namanzi ane-fluoride, singanciphisa ukubola ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-25 ezingeni labantu. Le miphumela ibonwe emazweni emhlabeni jikelele, okuqinisekisa i-fluoride toothpaste njengenye yezindlela zokwelapha ezingabizi kakhulu zempilo yomlomo.

Ukukhathazeka Nokuphikisana Ngokuphepha

Ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko ngokuphepha nge-toothpaste ene-fluoride ukuchayeka ngokweqile ezinganeni ezincane, okungaholela ku-dental fluorosis (amazinyo amhlophe noma ansundu). Idatha yase-US kusukela ngo-1999-2004 ikhombisa ukuthi cishe u-40% wentsha ubonisa izinga elithile le-fluorosis, yize amacala amaningi emnene futhi enziwe ngezimonyo kuphela. Ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi, ochwepheshe bezempilo batusa ukusebenzisa inani "elayisi-uhlamvu" le-toothpaste ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-3 kanye nenani "elilingana nophizi" iminyaka emi-3-6, kanye nokuqapha komuntu omdala ukuvimbela ukugwinya.

Ubuthi obunamandla be-fluoride obuvela ku-toothpaste buyivelakancane kakhulu, budinga ukudliwa ngobuningi. Izinhlangano zezempilo ezihamba phambili—kufaka phakathi i-CDC, i-ADA, kanye ne-American Academy of Pediatrics—ziqinisekisa ukuthi i-toothpaste ye-fluoride iphephile uma isetshenziswa njengoba kuyalelwe. Nakuba izifundo ezimbalwa ziphakamise imibuzo mayelana nomthelela we-fluoride ekuthuthukisweni kwezinzwa emazingeni aphezulu okuchayeka, lokhu kuchayeka kudlula kakhulu lokho ingane engakuthola ku-toothpaste noma emanzini ane-fluoride.

Kafushane

Uma abazali belandela imiyalelo yokusebenzisa enelebula, ingozi yokulimala komzimba ayincane.

Izenzo Zakamuva Zezepolitiki Nezomthetho e-US

Ngo-2024 nango-2025, izifundazwe eziningana zathatha isinyathelo sokuvimbela uketshezi oluvela emanzini omphakathi—isenzo esinemiphumela engaqondile ekuthembeleni komphakathi ku-toothpaste ene-fluoride. Isibonelo, i-Utah ne-Florida zaphasisa imithetho evimbela uketshezi oluvela emanzini, okwabangela ukuphikiswa okunamandla kochwepheshe bamazinyo nabezempilo yomphakathi abaxwayisa ngokuthi ukususa i-fluoride cishe kuzokwandisa imigodi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezingane. Ijaji likahulumeni laphinde layala i-EPA ukuthi iphinde ihlole amazinga e-fluoride emanzini okuphuza, icaphuna izifundo ngemiphumela engaba khona yokuthuthukiswa kwezinzwa. Ngenkathi lesi sinqumo singaphansi kwesikhalazo, i-CDC ne-ADA baphinde baqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi oluvela emanzini luhlala lungenye yezinto ezifezwe kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi emlandweni wase-US.

Ukuhlolwa kwezomthetho kokumaketha kwamazinyo nakho kuye kwaqina. Ekuqaleni kuka-2025, kwafakwa amacala esigaba ngokumelene nabakhiqizi abakhulu bamazinyo, besola ukumaketha “okukhohlisayo” ezinganeni—izinsolo zokuthi amazinyo anongiwe, anophawu lwekhathuni akhuthaza ukugwinya nokudukisa abazali. Ummeli Jikelele waseTexas wethule uphenyo lokuthi ngabe ukupakisha nokukhangisa kuyaphula yini iziqondiso ze-FDA mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-fluoride. I-ADA iphendule ngokuphinda ithi amazinyo akhanyayo, asetshenziswa ngaphansi kokuqashwa, aphephile futhi ayasebenza.

Impendulo Yemboni Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Abakhiqizi abakhulu bamazinyo okuxubha—njengeColgate-Palmolive kanye neProcter & Gamble—bagcizelela ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezidingweni ze-FDA monograph, ukuhlolwa kwezithako okuqinile, kanye nokulebula okucacile. Babonisa ngokucacile uphawu lwe-ADA Seal of Acceptance emaphaketheni ukuqinisekisa abathengi ngokuqinisekiswa komuntu wesithathu. Abakhiqizi bafaka nezikhonkwane ezingamelani nezingane kanye nemiyalelo yomthamo ukuze banciphise izingozi zokungenisa. Ngemva kwezinselelo zomthetho zakamuva, amaqembu embonini aqinise isiqondiso sokusetshenziswa okuphephile: abantu abadala kufanele baqaphe izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-6, futhi amanani anconyiwe amazinyo okuxubha (irayisi-okusanhlamvu noma ubhontshisi) kufanele alandelwe ngokuqinile.

Ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo evamile, ezinye izinkampani “zemvelo” noma ezikhethekile zinikeza amazinyo okuxubha angena-fluoride ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sabathengi. Kodwa-ke, le mikhiqizo ayinazo izimangalo zokuthi ingase ingabi yingozi futhi ingase inganikeli izinga elifanayo lokuvimbela ukubola. Sekukonke, isimo semboni sicacile: amazinyo okuxubha anombala we-fluoride ahlala eyisivikelo sokuqala esisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nezimbobo, futhi abakhiqizi bazoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukulebula, ukupakisha, kanye nemizamo yokufundisa ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuphephile nokwaziswayo.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokulawulwa Kwe-Fluoride

Emhlabeni jikelele, kunokuvumelana okubanzi ngezinzuzo ze-toothpaste ene-fluoride, yize imininingwane yokulawula ihlukile. E-European Union, ama-toothpaste ahlukaniswa njengezimonyo futhi ambozwe ku-1,500 ppm fluoride. Izinhlobo zezingane zivame ukuqukatha i-500-600 ppm ukunciphisa ingozi ye-fluorosis. Njengoba cishe ama-3% abantu baseYurophu abathola amanzi ane-fluoride, i-toothpaste ene-fluoride idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukwakheka kwesikhumba. Imithetho yaseCanada ifana ne-US, iphatha i-toothpaste yokulwa nokugula njengomuthi othengiswa ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela futhi ivumela isiqondiso somthamo ofanayo wezingane. I-Australia ivumela i-fluoride efinyelela ku-1,450 ppm ku-toothpaste futhi isekela kakhulu i-fluoridation yamanzi omphakathi. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, okuhlanganisa ne-World Health Organization, zincoma ukusebenzisa i-toothpaste ene-fluoride engu-1,000-1,500 ppm ezindaweni ezingenayo i-fluoridation yamanzi. Ngamafuphi, ngenkathi ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kuhluka kancane, i-toothpaste ene-fluoride iqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengebalulekile empilweni yomlomo.