Kungani i-USA Ithatha I-Fluoride Ku-toothpaste Kakhulu

Isizinda Somlando Se-Fluoride e-US Oral Health

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-fluoride kudokotela wamazinyo waseMelika kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho uDkt. Frederick McKay ehlonza i-"Colorado Brown Stain," kamuva eyaxhunyaniswa ne-fluoride yemvelo eyeqile emanzini. Ngo-1945, iGrand Rapids, eMichigan yaba idolobha lokuqala emhlabeni ukufaka i-fluoridate amanzi ayo omphakathi, enikeza ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi i-fluoride inciphisa imigodi. Ngawo-1970, abantu baseMelika abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-100 bathola amanzi ane-fluoridated, futhi ucwaningo lwaphendukela ekufakeni i-fluoride ku-toothpaste.

Ngo-1956, i-Procter & Gamble yethula i-Crest, into yokuqala yokuxubha amazinyo e-fluoride ethengiswa ezweni lonke. I-Crest yazuza i-American Dental Association's Seal of Acceptance ngo-1960, okwenza ezinye izinhlobo zilandele okufanayo. Ngawo-1970s, i-fluoride yayisisungulwe ngokuqinile njengesithako esivamile sokulwa nomgodi, futhi cishe yonke imithi yamazinyo evamile emashalofini ase-US yayine-fluoride.

Isicelo kanye Nomthethonqubo

Ukwamukelwa kwe-Fluoride Toothpaste emakethe yaseMelika

Ngemuva kokwethulwa ngempumelelo kwe-Crest, imakethe yase-US yokuxubha amazinyo ibe noshintsho olusheshayo. Ngawo-1980, cishe yonke imikhiqizo emikhulu yanikeza ukwakheka kwe-fluoride, futhi ukutholwa kwabathengi kwanda. Ucwaningo lwemakethe ngeminyaka yawo-1990 lwabonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwe-90% yezingane zaseMelika nabantu abadala baxubha umuthi wokuxubha we-fluoride. Namuhla, amaphasishi ezitolo ezinkulu abuswa yimikhiqizo esekwe ku-fluoride, eqhutshwa izincomo ezinamandla ezivela kodokotela bamazinyo kanye nemfuneko yokuthi noma yimuphi umuthi wokuxubha ophethe i-ADA Seal kufanele ube ne-fluoride.

Uhlaka Lokulawula Olulawula I-Fluoride Ku-toothpaste

E-United States, umuthi wokuxubha we-fluoride ulawulwa njengomuthi othengwayo (i-OTC) ngaphansi kwe-Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Anticaries Monograph (21 CFR 355). I-FDA ivumela izinhlanganisela ezithile ze-fluoride-njenge-sodium fluoride, i-sodium monofluorophosphate, ne-stannous fluoride-ezindaweni ezilawulwayo. Ukwakhiwa okujwayelekile komuthi wokuxubha kukhawulelwe ku-850–1,150 ppm fluoride (0.085%–0.115% ion fluoride). Isigaba "se-high-fluoride" (esifika ku-1,500 ppm) sivunyelwe kuphela ngezixwayiso zokuphepha ezengeziwe; noma yini engaphezu kuka-1,500 ppm idinga incwadi kadokotela.

Izidingo zokulebula ziqinile ngokulinganayo. Umuthi wokuxubha kufanele uzikhombe ngokucacile ngokuthi “i-anticavity” noma “i-fluoride” egameni lomkhiqizo, ufake uhlu lwesithako se-fluoride esebenzayo kanye nephesenti layo, futhi ubonise isixwayiso sokuphepha kwengane ngaphansi kokuthi “Amaqiniso Ezidakamizwa”: “Gcina endaweni lapho izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-6 ubudala zingakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo. Uma okungaphezu kokusetshenziselwa ukuxubha kugwinywe ngephutha, thola usizo lwezokwelapha noma uthinte Isikhungo Sokulawula Ubuthi ngokushesha.” Izikhombisi-ndlela zokusetshenziswa—njengokuxubha kabili ngosuku nokugada izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-6—nazo zigunyaziwe. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi abathengi bathola isiqondiso esicacile mayelana nokusetshenziswa okuphephile, okusebenzayo kwe-fluoride.

Ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha

Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zomphakathi kanye Nempumelelo

Amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo akhombisa ukuthi umuthi wokuxubha i-fluoride unciphisa kakhulu ukubola kwamazinyo. Ukubuyekezwa okuyingqophamlando okuvela ku-Cochrane Collaboration kutholwe ukuthi umuthi wokuxubha i-fluoride (≥1,000 ppm) uvimbela izimbotshana ezinganeni ngempumelelo kakhulu kunezinye izindlela ezingezona i-fluoride. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuxubha kabili ngosuku ngomuthi wokuxubha nge-fluoride kunciphisa ingozi ngo-14–30%. Isenzo se-fluoride esihlokweni sisiza ukuvuselela uqweqwe lwawo futhi, lapho kuhlanganiswa namanzi ane-fluoridated, kunganciphisa ukubola kufika ku-25% ezingeni labantu. Le miphumela iye yaboniswa emazweni omhlaba wonke, iqinisekisa umuthi wokuxubha i-fluoride njengenye yezindlela zokungenelela ezingabizi kakhulu zezempilo yomphakathi zempilo yomlomo.

Ukukhathazeka Kwezokuphepha Nezingxabano

Ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kokuphepha ngomuthi wokuxubha we-fluoride ukuchayeka ngokweqile ezinganeni ezincane, okungaholela ku-fluorosis yamazinyo (amazinyo amhlophe noma ansundu). Idatha yase-US kusukela ngo-1999-2004 ikhombisa ukuthi cishe u-40% wentsha ibonisa izinga elithile le-fluorosis, nakuba izimo eziningi zithambile futhi zizinhle kuphela. Ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi, ochwepheshe bezempilo batusa ukuthi kusetshenziswe inani elithi “rice-grain” lomuthi wokuxubha izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-3 kanye nenani “le-pea-size” elineminyaka engu-3–6, ngokugadwa kwabantu abadala ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugwinya.

Ubuthi obuyingozi be-fluoride obusuka ku-toothpaste buyivelakancane kakhulu, budinga ukumuncwa ngobuningi. Izinhlangano zezempilo ezihamba phambili—okuhlanganisa i-CDC, i-ADA, ne-American Academy of Pediatrics—ziqinisekisa ukuthi umuthi wokuxubha we-fluoride uphephile uma usetshenziswa njengoba uqondiswa. Nakuba izifundo ezimbalwa ziphakamise imibuzo mayelana nomthelela we-fluoride ekuthuthukisweni kwe-neurodevelopment emazingeni aphezulu okuchayeka, lokhu kuchayeka kudlula kude lokho okungatholwa ingane ngomuthi wokuxubha noma emanzini ane-fluoridated.

Kafushane

Uma abazali belandela imiyalelo yokusetshenziswa enelebula, ingozi yokulimala kwesistimu ayinakwa.

Izenzo Zakamuva Zezepolitiki Nezomthetho e-US

Ngo-2024 nango-2025, izifundazwe ezimbalwa zathuthela ekuvimbeleni ukugeleza kwamanzi omphakathi—isenzo esinemiphumela engaqondile ekuthembeleni komphakathi ku-fluoride toothpaste. Isibonelo, i-Utah neFlorida yaphasisa imithetho evimbela ukugeleza kwamanzi, okwabangela ukuphikisa okuqinile kochwepheshe bamazinyo nezempilo yomphakathi abaxwayisa ngokuthi ukususa i-fluoride cishe kuzonyusa imigodi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezingane. Ijaji likahulumeni liphinde layala i-EPA ukuthi ihlole kabusha izindinganiso zamanzi okuphuza e-fluoride, ecaphuna izifundo ngemiphumela engase ibe khona ye-neurodevelopmental. Nakuba lesi sinqumo singaphansi kwesikhalo, i-CDC ne-ADA baphinde baqinisekisa ukuthi i-fluoridation isalokhu iyimpumelelo ephezulu yezempilo yomphakathi emlandweni wase-US.

Ukucutshungulwa okusemthethweni kokumaketha kwe-toothpaste nakho kuye kwaqina. Ekuqaleni kuka-2025, amacala e-class-action afakwa kubakhiqizi abakhulu be-toothpaste, bethi ukuthengisa "okukhohlisayo" ezinganeni-izimangalo zokuthi izinyo ezinandisiwe, ezinopopayi zikhuthaza ukugwinya nokudukisa abazali. I-Texas Attorney General yethule uphenyo lokuthi ukupakisha nokukhangisa kuyayiphula yini imihlahlandlela ye-FDA ngokusetshenziswa kwe-fluoride. I-ADA iphendule ngokuphindaphinda ukuthi umuthi wokuxubha we-fluorescent, osetshenziswe ngaphansi kokugadwa, uphephile futhi uyasebenza.

Ukusabela Kwemboni Nemikhuba Engcono Kakhulu

Abakhiqizi abakhulu bokuxubha amazinyo—njenge-Colgate-Palmolive ne-Procter & Gamble—bagcizelela ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezimfuneko ze-FDA monograph, ukuhlola isithako okuqinile, nokulebula okucacile. Babonisa ngokugqamile i-ADA Seal of Acceptance emaphaketheni ukuze baqinisekise abathengi ngokuqinisekiswa kwenkampani yangaphandle. Abakhiqizi baphinde bafake amakepisi amelana nengane kanye nemiyalelo yomthamo ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi zokugwinya. Ukulandela izinselele zomthetho zakamuva, amaqembu ezimboni aqinise isiqondiso ekusetshenzisweni okuphephile: abantu abadala kufanele bagade izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-6, futhi amanani okuxubha amazinyo anconyiwe (okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu noma uphizi) kufanele alandelwe ngokuqinile.

Ngokungeziwe kumabhrendi ajwayelekile, ezinye izinkampani “zemvelo” noma izipesheli zinikeza izixuku zamazinyo ezingena-fluoride ukuze zihlangabezane nesidingo sabathengi. Kodwa-ke, le mikhiqizo ayinazo izimangalo ze-anticavity futhi ingase inganikezi izinga elifanayo lokuvimbela ukubola. Sekukonke, isimo semboni sicacile: umuthi wokuxubha we-fluoride uhlala uwukuzivikela okuphumelela kakhulu emigodini, futhi abakhiqizi bazoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukulebula, ukupakisha, nemizamo yokufundisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa okuphephile, ukwaziswa.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Yokulawulwa Kwe-Fluoride

Emhlabeni jikelele, kunokuvumelana okubanzi ngezinzuzo ze-fluoride toothpaste, nakuba imininingwane yokulawula ihluka. E-European Union, ama-toothpastes ahlukaniswa njengezimonyo futhi afakwe ku-1,500 ppm fluoride. Ukwakhiwa kwezingane kuvame ukuqukatha 500–600 ppm ukunciphisa ingozi ye-fluorosis. Njengoba cishe ama-3% kuphela abantu baseYurophu abathola amanzi ane-fluoridated, umuthi wokuxubha i-fluoride udlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni umgodi. Imithetho yaseCanada ifanekisela i-US, iphatha umuthi wokuxubha i-anticavity njengesidakamizwa esitholakala ngaphandle kwekhawunta futhi ivumela umhlahlandlela womthamo ofanayo wezingane. I-Australia ivumela kufika ku-1,450 ppm fluoride ku-toothpaste futhi isekela ngokuqinile ukugeleza kwamanzi omphakathi. Izindikimba zamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa ne-World Health Organization, zincoma ukusebenzisa umuthi wokuxubha one-fluoride engu-1,000–1,500 ppm ezindaweni ezingenawo amanzi. Ngamafuphi, ngenkathi ukuhlukaniswa nokuqaliswa kwehluka kancane, umuthi wokuxubha i-fluoride ubonwa emhlabeni wonke njengento ebalulekile empilweni yomlomo.