Kutheni intlama yamazinyo iFluoride isetyenziswa kakhulu
I-fluoride toothpaste ikhona yonke indawo e-United States kuba ibonakaliswe ukukhusela imingxuma kwaye ivunywe ngamandla yimibutho ehamba phambili yamazinyo kunye nezempilo yoluntu. Amagunya ezempilo, kubandakanywa amaZiko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC), i-fluoride yetyala kunye nokwehla okukhulu kumazinga esizwe okubola kwamazinyo. Namhlanje, ngaphezu kwe-95% ye-toothpaste ethengiswa e-US iqulethe i-fluoride-ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-sodium fluoride okanye i-sodium monofluorophosphate malunga ne-1,000-1,100 ppm. Iingcali ziyavuma ukuba ukudibanisa amanzi ane-fluoridated kunye ne-fluoride toothpaste kunika ukhuseleko oluphezulu malunga nokubola xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenzisa nayiphi na indlela yodwa. Ngenxa yoko, ukuxubha kabini yonke imihla nge-ADA-amkelwe i-fluoride toothpaste ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kuyo yonke imizi yaseMelika.
Imvelaphi yeMbali yeFluoride kwiMpilo yoMlomo yase-US
Ukusetyenziswa kwefluoride kugqirha wamazinyo waseMelika kuqale kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa uGqr. Frederick McKay wafumanisa “iColorado Brown Stain,” kamva eyayanyaniswa nefluoride yendalo egqithisileyo emanzini. Ngo-1945, iGrand Rapids, eMichigan yaba sisixeko sokuqala emhlabeni ukuthambisa amanzi oluntu, inika ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba i-fluoride iyayinciphisa imingxuma. Ngeminyaka yee-1970, ngaphezulu kwe-100 lezigidi zabantu baseMelika bafumana amanzi ane-fluoridated, kwaye uphando lwajika ngokukhawuleza ekufakeni i-fluoride kwintlama yamazinyo.
Ngo-1956, iProcter & Gamble yazisa iCrest, intlama yamazinyo yokuqala ethengiswe kuzwelonke eyifluoride. I-Crest yafumana i-American Dental Association's Seal of Acceptance ngo-1960, ikhuthaza ezinye iimpawu ukuba zilandele. Ngeminyaka yoo-1970, i-fluoride yamiselwa ngokuqinileyo njengesithako esiqhelekileyo sokulwa, kwaye phantse yonke intlama yamazinyo eqhelekileyo kwiishelufu zase-US zinefluoride.
Isicelo kunye noMgaqo
Ukwamkelwa kweFluoride Toothpaste kwiMarike yaseMelika
Emva kokuqaliswa ngempumelelo kweCrest, imarike yentlama yamazinyo yase-US iye yanenguqu ekhawulezileyo. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980, phantse lonke uhlobo oluphambili lwanikezela nge-fluoride formulation, kwaye ukwamkelwa kwabathengi kuye kwanda. Uphando lwemarike ngeminyaka yee-1990s lubonise ukuba ngaphezu kwe-90% yabantwana baseMelika kunye nabantu abadala baxutywe ne-fluoride toothpaste. Namhlanje, ii-aisles ze-supermarket zilawulwa yimveliso esekelwe kwi-fluoride, eqhutywa ziingcebiso ezinamandla ezivela koogqirha bamazinyo kunye nemfuneko yokuba nayiphi na i-toothpaste ephethe i-ADA Seal kufuneka ibe ne-fluoride.
Isakhelo soLawulo oluLawula iFluoride kwintlama yamazinyo
E-United States, intlama yamazinyo e-fluoride ilawulwa njengechiza le-over-the-counter (OTC) phantsi kwe-Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) i-Anticaries Monograph (21 CFR 355). I-FDA ivumela iikhompawundi ezithile ze-fluoride-ezifana ne-sodium fluoride, i-sodium monofluorophosphate, kunye ne-stannous fluoride-kwiindawo ezilawulwayo. Imixube yentlama yamazinyo eqhelekileyo iqingqelwe malunga ne-850–1,150 ppm fluoride (0.085%–0.115% ion fluoride). Udidi lwe-“high-fluoride” (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,500 ppm) luvumeleke kuphela ngezilumkiso ezongezelelweyo zokhuseleko; nantoni na engaphezulu kwe-1,500 ppm ifuna umyalelo.
Iimfuneko zokuleyibheli zingqongqo ngokulinganayo. Intlama yamazinyo imele izichaze ngokucacileyo njenge-“anticavity” okanye “i-fluoride” kwigama lemveliso, idwelise isithako esisebenzayo sefluoride nepesenti yayo, ize ibonise isilumkiso sokhuseleko lomntwana phantsi komxholo othi “Iinyaniso Zeziyobisi”: “Yigcine kwindawo ekude kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-6 ubudala. Imiyalelo yokusetyenziswa—efana nokuxukuxa kabini yonke imihla kunye nokubeka esweni abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-6—nazo ziyagunyaziswa. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba abathengi bafumana isikhokelo esicacileyo malunga nokusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo, okusebenzayo kwefluoride.
Ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko
IiNzuzo zeMpilo yoLuntu kunye nokuSebenza
Amashumi eminyaka ophando abonisa ukuba intlama yamazinyo e-fluoride ikunciphisa kakhulu ukubola kwamazinyo. Uphononongo olubalulekileyo olusuka kwi-Cochrane Collaboration lufumanise ukuba intlama yamazinyo e-fluoride (≥1,000 ppm) inqanda imingxunya ebantwaneni ngempumelelo kunezinye ezingezizo eze-fluoride. Ngokomyinge, ukuxutywa kabini ngemini nge-fluoride yokusika intlama yamazinyo kubeka umngcipheko nge-14-30%. Isenzo se-topical se-fluoride inceda ukubuyisela i-enamel kwaye, xa idityaniswe namanzi ane-fluoridated, inokunciphisa ukubola ukuya kuma-25% kwinqanaba labantu. Ezi ziphumo zibonakaliswe kumazwe kwihlabathi jikelele, ziqinisekisa intlama yamazinyo e-fluoride njengenye yezona ndleko zokungenelela kwimpilo yoluntu kwimpilo yomlomo.
Iinkxalabo zoKhuseleko kunye neengxabano
Eyona nto ixhalabisayo ngokhuseleko ngentama yamazinyo e-fluoride kukuchanabeka ngokugqithisileyo kubantwana abancinci, nto leyo enokukhokelela kwi-fluorosis yamazinyo (amazinyo amhlophe okanye amdaka). Idatha yase-US esuka kwi-1999-2004 ibonisa ukuba malunga ne-40% yolutsha olufikisayo lubonisa iqondo elithile le-fluorosis, nangona iimeko ezininzi zincinci kwaye zithambisa kuphela. Ukunciphisa umngcipheko, abaqeqeshi bezempilo batusa ukuba basebenzise inani le-"rice-grain" ye-toothpaste kubantwana abangaphantsi kwe-3 kunye nenani elithi "pea-size" kwiminyaka eyi-3-6, kunye nokulawulwa kwabantu abadala ukukhusela ukugwinya.
Ityhefu ebukhali ye-fluoride evela kwintlama yamazinyo inqabile kakhulu, ifuna ukutyiwa komthamo omkhulu. Imibutho yezempilo ehamba phambili-kuquka i-CDC, i-ADA, kunye ne-American Academy of Pediatrics-iqinisekisa ukuba i-fluoride toothpaste ikhuselekile xa isetyenziswe njengoko kuyalelwe. Ngelixa uphononongo olumbalwa luphakamise imibuzo malunga nefuthe le-fluoride kuphuhliso lweneurodevelopment kumanqanaba aphezulu okuvezwa, oku kutyhileka kungaphezulu lee koko umntwana anokukufumana kwintlama yamazinyo okanye kumanzi anefluoridated.
Kufuphi
Xa abazali belandela imiyalelo yokusetyenziswa ebhaliweyo, umngcipheko wokwenzakala kwenkqubo awuhoywa.
Iintshukumo zakutsha nje zezoPolitiko kunye nezoMthetho e-US
Ngo-2024 kunye no-2025, amazwe amaninzi ashukunyiselwa ukuba athintele i-fluoridation yamanzi yoluntu-isenzo esinemiphumo engathanga ngqo ekuthembeleni kuluntu kwi-fluoride toothpaste. Ngokomzekelo, i-Utah kunye neFlorida zapasisa imithetho evimbela ukuchithwa kwamanzi, oko kubangela inkcaso eqinile evela kwiingcali zamazinyo kunye nezempilo yoluntu ezilumkisa ukuba ukususa i-fluoride kuya kwandisa imingxuma, ngakumbi phakathi kwabantwana. Ijaji yomanyano yayalela i-EPA ukuba iphinde ihlole imigangatho ye-fluoride yamanzi okusela, icaphula izifundo malunga neziphumo ze-neurodevelopmental. Ngelixa esi sigwebo siphantsi kwesibheno, i-CDC kunye ne-ADA ziphinde zaqinisekisa ukuba i-fluoridation ihlala iyenye yeempumelelo eziphezulu zempilo yoluntu kwimbali yase-US.
Uphononongo olusemthethweni lokuthengisa intlama yamazinyo nalo luye lwaqina. Ekuqaleni kwe-2025, amatyala eklasi afakwe kubakhiqizi abakhulu be-toothpaste, etyhola ukuthengisa "okukhohlisayo" kubantwana-amabango ukuba i-flavored, i-cartoon-branded toothpastes ikhuthaza ukugwinya kunye nokulahlekisa abazali. IGqwetha Jikelele laseTexas liqalise uphando malunga nokuba ukupakishwa kunye neentengiso ziyaphula izikhokelo ze-FDA malunga nokusetyenziswa kwefluoride. I-ADA iphendule ngokuphinda kwakhona ukuba intlama yamazinyo e-fluorescent, esetyenziswe phantsi kolawulo, ikhuselekile kwaye iyasebenza.
Impendulo yoShishino kunye neZenzo eziGqwesileyo
Abavelisi abakhulu bentlama yamazinyo-afana ne-Colgate-Palmolive kunye ne-Procter & Gamble-bagxininisa ukubambelela ngokungqongqo kwiimfuno ze-monograph ze-FDA, uvavanyo oluqinileyo lwezithako, kunye nokubhala ngokucacileyo. Babonisa ngokucacileyo i-ADA Seal of Acceptance kwi-package ukuze baqinisekise abathengi bokuqinisekiswa komntu wesithathu. Abavelisi bakwabandakanya iminqwazi enganyangekiyo ebantwaneni kunye nemiyalelo yedosi ukunciphisa imingcipheko yokusela. Ukulandela imingeni yezomthetho yamva nje, amaqela amashishini aqinise isikhokelo malunga nokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo: abantu abadala kufuneka babeke iliso kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-6, kwaye izixa ezicetyiswayo zentlama yamazinyo (i-rice-grain okanye i-pea-size) kufuneka ilandelwe ngokungqongqo.
Ukongeza kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo, ezinye iinkampani "zendalo" okanye ezikhethekileyo zibonelela ngeentlama zamazinyo ezingenafluoride ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yabathengi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi mveliso azithwali amabango e-anticavity kwaye azinako ukunika umgangatho ofanayo wokuthintela ukubola. Lilonke, imeko yeshishini icacile: intlama yamazinyo eyifluoride iseyeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuzikhusela kwimingxuma, kwaye abavelisi baya kuqhubeka benyusa iilebhile, ukupakishwa, kunye neenzame zemfundo zokuqinisekisa usetyenziso olukhuselekileyo, olunolwazi.
Iimbono zehlabathi kwiFluoride Regulation
Kwihlabathi jikelele, kukho ukuvumelana okubanzi malunga nezibonelelo ze-fluoride intlama yamazinyo, nangona iinkcukacha zolawulo zohlukile. Kwi-European Union, i-toothpastes ihlelwa njengezinto zokuthambisa kwaye ifakwe kwi-1,500 ppm fluoride. Imixube yabantwana ihlala iqulathe i-500–600 ppm ukunciphisa umngcipheko we-fluorosis. Kuba malunga ne-3% kuphela yabantu baseYurophu abafumana amanzi ane-fluoride, intlama yamazinyo ene-fluoride idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni imingxunya. Imithetho yaseKhanada ijongana ne-US, iphatha intlama yamazinyo e-anticavity njengechiza elithengiswayo kunye nokuqinisekisa isikhokelo sedosi efanayo ebantwaneni. I-Australia ivumela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,450 ppm i-fluoride kwintlama yamazinyo kwaye ixhasa ngamandla ukugutyungelwa kwamanzi kuluntu. Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, kuqukwa noMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, icebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe intlama yamazinyo ene-1,000–1,500 ppm fluoride kwimimandla engenamanzi efluoridation. Ngokufutshane, ngelixa ukuhlelwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kuhluka kancinci, intlama yamazinyo e-fluoride ibonwa jikelele njengento ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yomlomo.
Ukuqukumbela & Ubizo-kwisenzo
I-fluoride toothpaste ihlala ilitye lembombo lezicwangciso zempilo yomlomo e-United States. Iziphathamandla ezikhokelayo zempilo-kuquka i-CDC, i-ADA, kunye ne-American Academy of Pediatrics-ziyaqhubeka zicebisa ukuxubha kabini yonke imihla nge-fluoride toothpaste kwaye zigxininisa ukubeka iliso olufanelekileyo kunye nedosi kubantwana abancinci. Nangona kukho iimpikiswano ezizimeleyo, amashumi eminyaka yobungqina besayensi buqinisekisa ukuba intlama yamazinyo e-fluoride ikhuselekile kwaye isebenza kakhulu ekuthinteleni imingxuma. Njengoko imigaqo-nkqubo yamanzi-fluoridation iguquka, intlama yamazinyo iya kuhlala iyeyona ndlela ifikelelekayo kubantu baseMelika ukukhusela amazinyo abo.
IVISMILEikhuthaza bonke abathengi ukuba bakhethe intlama yamazinyo evunyiweyo yi-ADA kwaye balandele imiyalelo ebhaliweyo: sebenzisa isixa se-rice-grain kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-3, ubungakanani be-ertyisi ababudala buphakathi kwe-3-6, kwaye ujonge ukuxutywa. Ngokudibanisa ukusetyenziswa kwentlama yamazinyo ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokutya okunesondlo kunye nokuhlolwa kwamazinyo rhoqo, iintsapho zinokwandisa impilo yomlomo kwaye zonwabele uncumo oluqaqambileyo, olunempilo kwiminyaka ezayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-04-2025