Impamvu Amerika ifata Fluoride mu muti w'amenyo nk'ikintu gikomeye

Amateka ya Fluoride mu buzima bw'amenyo muri Amerika

Ikoreshwa rya fluoride mu buvuzi bw'amenyo bw'Abanyamerika ryatangiye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ubwo Dr. Frederick McKay yamenyaga "Colorado Brown Stain," nyuma ifitanye isano na fluoride ikabije mu mazi. Mu 1945, Grand Rapids, muri Michigan yabaye umujyi wa mbere ku isi wahinduye fluoride mu mazi rusange, bitanga ibimenyetso byumvikana ko fluoride igabanya ububobere. Mu myaka ya 1970, Abanyamerika barenga miliyoni 100 bahawe amazi ya fluoride, maze ubushakashatsi buhita buhindura uburyo bwo gushyira fluoride mu menyo y'amenyo.

Mu 1956, Procter & Gamble yatangije Crest, amenyo ya mbere ya fluoride yagurishijwe ku rwego rw'igihugu. Crest yabonye ikimenyetso cy'iyemerwa ry'ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga b'amenyo ry'Abanyamerika mu 1960, bituma andi masosiyete akurikiza icyo gitekerezo. Mu myaka ya 1970, fluoride yari imaze kwemezwa nk'ikintu gisanzwe cyo kurwanya ububobere, kandi hafi buri meseji isanzwe yo muri Amerika yari irimo fluoride.

Ishyirwa mu bikorwa n'amabwiriza

Gukoresha umuti wo koza amenyo wa Fluoride ku isoko rya Amerika

Nyuma y’uko Crest itangiye gukora neza, isoko ry’ubuvuzi bw’amenyo muri Amerika ryahindutse cyane. Mu myaka ya 1980, hafi buri kirango gikomeye cyatangaga fluoride, kandi abaguzi barakiyongera cyane. Ubushakashatsi ku isoko mu myaka ya 1990 bwagaragaje ko abana n’abantu bakuru b’Abanyamerika barenga 90% basukuye amenyo y’amenyo y’ubwoko bwa fluoride. Muri iki gihe, inzira z’amaduka ziganjemo ibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri fluoride, bitewe n’inama zikomeye zatanzwe n’abaganga b’amenyo n’itegeko ry’uko amenyo yose afite ADA Seal agomba kuba arimo fluoride.

Urwego rw'amategeko agenga fluoride mu muti w'amenyo

Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, umuti w'amenyo ufite fluoride ugenzurwa nk'umuti utangwa mu gihe ugurishwa na muganga (OTC) hakurikijwe Ikigo gishinzwe ibiribwa n'imiti (FDA) Anticaries Monograph (21 CFR 355). FDA yemerera ibintu byihariye bya fluoride—nka sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, na stannous fluoride—ku gipimo cyagenwe. Imiti isanzwe y'umuti w'amenyo igarukira kuri 850–1.150 ppm fluoride (0.085%–0.115% fluoride ion). Icyiciro cya "fluoride nyinshi" (kugeza kuri 1.500 ppm) cyemewe gusa hamwe n'inyongera z'uburinzi; ikintu cyose kirenze 1.500 ppm gisaba ko muganga agusaba.

Ibisabwa mu gushyiraho ibirango nabyo birakomeye. Umuti w'amenyo ugomba kwigaragaza neza nk' "urwanya indwara" cyangwa "fluoride" mu izina ry'umuti, ukandika ikintu gikora cya fluoride n'ijanisha ryacyo, kandi ukagaragaza umuburo ku mwana munsi ya "Ibisobanuro ku Muti": "Bika ahantu abana bari munsi y'imyaka 6 batagera. Niba unyoye ibirenze ibyo wakoresheje mu koza amenyo ku bushake, shaka ubufasha bwa muganga cyangwa uhamagare ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya uburozi ako kanya." Amabwiriza yo gukoresha amenyo—nk'uko koza amenyo kabiri ku munsi no gukurikirana abana bari munsi y'imyaka 6—nayo arategetswe. Aya mategeko atuma abaguzi babona ubuyobozi busobanutse neza ku ikoreshwa rya fluoride mu buryo bwizewe kandi bunoze.

Ingufu n'umutekano

Ibyiza n'imikorere myiza ku buzima rusange

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu myaka myinshi bwerekanye ko amenyo y’amenyo afite fluoride agabanya cyane kwangirika kw'amenyo. Isuzuma ry’ingenzi ryakozwe n’ikigo Cochrane Collaboration ryagaragaje ko amenyo y’amenyo afite fluoride (≥1.000 ppm) arinda abana korora neza kurusha ubundi buryo butari fluoride. Ugereranyije, koza amenyo inshuro ebyiri ku munsi bigabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kw'amenyo ku kigero cya 14-30%. Ingaruka za fluoride ku mubiri zifasha kongera ubushyuhe bw'amenyo, kandi iyo zihujwe n'amazi afite fluoride, zishobora kugabanya kwangirika kugeza kuri 25% ku rwego rw'abaturage. Ibi byagaragajwe mu bihugu byo ku isi, byemeza ko amenyo y’amenyo afite fluoride ari imwe mu ngamba zihendutse mu buzima bw'amenyo.

Ibibazo by'umutekano n'impaka

Ikibazo cy’ingenzi ku birebana n’umuti w’amenyo ufite fluoride ni ukugaragara cyane mu bana bato, bishobora gutera amenyo afite fluoride (amenyo yera cyangwa umukara). Amakuru yo muri Amerika yo kuva mu 1999 kugeza mu 2004 agaragaza ko abangavu bagera kuri 40% bagaragaza fluoride ku rugero runaka, nubwo ahenshi usanga ari amenyo yoroheje kandi afite ubwiza gusa. Kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago, abahanga mu by’ubuzima basaba ko abana bari munsi y’imyaka 3 bakoresha ingano y’umuti w’amenyo ufite fluoride n’ingano y’umuti w’amenyo ufite fluoride ku bana bari hagati y’imyaka 3 na 6, umuntu mukuru akaba arinda kumira.

Uburozi bukabije bwa fluoride buturuka ku muti w'amenyo ni gake cyane, busaba ko umuntu ayinywa ku bwinshi. Imiryango ikomeye mu by'ubuzima—harimo CDC, ADA, na American Academy of Pediatrics—yemeza ko umuti w'amenyo wa fluoride ari mwiza iyo ukoreshejwe nk'uko byategetswe. Nubwo hari ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ibibazo ku ngaruka za fluoride ku mikurire y'ubwonko ku rugero rwo hejuru rw'umuti, ubwo buryo bwo guhumeka buruta kure cyane ibyo umwana yahabwa aturutse ku muti w'amenyo cyangwa amazi arimo fluoride.

Muri make

Iyo ababyeyi bakurikije amabwiriza yo gukoresha ibikoresho byanditseho, ingaruka zo kwangirika kw'umubiri ziba nke cyane.

Ibikorwa bya Politiki n'Amategeko biherutse gukorwa muri Amerika

Mu 2024 na 2025, leta nyinshi zafashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika gukoresha fluoride mu mazi mu baturage—igikorwa bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku baturage bakoresha fluoride posterior. Urugero, Utah na Florida byatoye amategeko abuza gukoresha fluoride mu mazi, bituma impuguke mu by'amenyo n'ubuzima rusange ziburira ko gukuraho fluoride bishobora kongera imyobo, cyane cyane mu bana. Umucamanza wo muri leta ya Amerika yanategetse EPA kongera gusuzuma amahame ya fluoride mu mazi yo kunywa, avuga ko ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka zishobora guterwa n'imikurire y'ubwonko. Nubwo iki cyemezo kiri mu bujurire, CDC na ADA bemeje ko gukoresha fluoride bikiri bimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi byagezweho mu buzima rusange mu mateka ya Amerika.

Isuzuma ry’amategeko ku bijyanye no kwamamaza amenyo y’amenyo naryo ryarushijeho gukomera. Mu ntangiriro za 2025, hatanzwe imanza z’ibanga ku nganda zikomeye zikora amenyo y’amenyo, zishinja ubucuruzi “bushukana” ku bana—ibirego bivuga ko amenyo y’amenyo afite ibirungo biryoshye kandi afite ikirango cya katuni ashishikariza ababyeyi kumira no kuyobya. Umushinjacyaha Mukuru wa Texas yatangiye iperereza ku bijyanye no kumenya niba gupakira no kwamamaza binyuranyije n’amabwiriza ya FDA ku ikoreshwa rya fluoride. Ishami rya ADA ryasubije risubiramo ko amenyo y’amenyo y’amenyo y’urumuri, akoreshwa akurikiranwe, afite umutekano kandi afite akamaro.

Uburyo bwo Gusubiza Inganda n'Ibikorwa Byiza

Inganda zikomeye zikora uburozi bw'amenyo—nk'ubwa Colgate-Palmolive na Procter & Gamble—zishimangira kubahiriza amabwiriza ya FDA, isuzuma rikomeye ry'ibintu, n'ibirango bisobanutse neza. Zigaragaza ikimenyetso cya ADA cyo Kwemera ku ipaki kugira ngo zemeze abaguzi kwemeza ko ari bo bonyine babikora. Inganda zishyiramo kandi imipfundikizo idakira abana n'amabwiriza y'ingano kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago byo kubyinjiramo. Nyuma y'ibibazo biherutse kugaragara mu mategeko, amatsinda y'inganda yashimangiye amabwiriza ku ikoreshwa ry'uburozi: abantu bakuru bagomba gukurikirana abana bari munsi y'imyaka 6, kandi ingano y'uburozi bw'amenyo (ingano y'umuceri cyangwa amashaza) igomba gukurikizwa neza.

Uretse ibirango bizwi, amwe mu masosiyete "asanzwe" cyangwa ay'inzobere atanga imiti y'amenyo idafite fluoride kugira ngo ihuze n'ibyo abaguzi bakeneye. Ariko, ibi bicuruzwa ntibigaragaza ko bishobora kwangirika kandi bishobora kudatanga urugero rumwe rwo kwirinda kwangirika. Muri rusange, aho inganda zihagaze birasobanutse: amenyo y'amenyo afite fluoride aracyari ubwirinzi bwiza cyane ku bijyanye n'ibice by'amazi, kandi abakora imiti bazakomeza kunoza uburyo bwo kwandikaho, gupakira, no kwigisha kugira ngo barebe ko ikoreshwa neza kandi neza.

Ibitekerezo ku Isi ku Igenzura rya Fluoride

Ku isi yose, hari abantu benshi bemeranya ku byiza by'umuti w'amenyo ufite fluoride, nubwo ibisobanuro by'amategeko bitandukanye. Mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, amenyo y'amenyo ashyirwa mu byiciro by'ubwiza kandi afite fluoride ya 1.500 ppm. Imiti ikoreshwa mu bana ikunze kuba irimo 500-600 ppm kugira ngo igabanye ibyago byo kwandura fluoride. Kubera ko Abanyaburayi bagera kuri 3% gusa ari bo bahabwa amazi arimo fluoride, amenyo y'amenyo afite fluoride agira uruhare runini mu gukumira ibicurane. Amategeko ya Kanada asa n'aya Amerika, afata amenyo yo kurwanya indwara nk'umuti utangwa mu iduka kandi ashyigikira amabwiriza amwe ku bana. Ositaraliya yemerera fluoride ya 1.450 ppm mu muti w'amenyo kandi ishyigikira cyane fluoride yo mu mazi yo mu baturage. Inzego mpuzamahanga, harimo n'Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima, zisaba gukoresha amenyo y'amenyo hamwe na fluoride ya 1.000-1.500 ppm mu turere tudafite fluoride yo mu mazi. Muri make, nubwo ishyirwa mu byiciro n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa bitandukanye gato, amenyo y'amenyo afite fluoride izwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga nk'ingenzi ku buzima bw'amenyo.