Impamvu USA ifata Fluoride muburyo bwoza amenyo

Amateka Amateka ya Fluoride mubuzima bwo muri Amerika

Ikoreshwa rya fluor mu kuvura amenyo y'Abanyamerika guhera mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, igihe Dr. Frederick McKay yamenyaga “Colorado Brown Stain,” nyuma bikaba bifitanye isano na fluoride ikabije mu mazi. Mu 1945, Grand Rapids, muri Leta ya Michigan yabaye umujyi wa mbere ku isi wahinduye fluoride itanga amazi rusange, bitanga ibimenyetso bigaragara byerekana ko fluor igabanya imyenge. Mu myaka ya za 70, Abanyamerika barenga miliyoni 100 bahawe amazi ya fluor, kandi ubushakashatsi bwahise buhindura kwinjiza fluor mu menyo.

Mu 1956, Procter & Gamble yazanye Crest, amenyo yambere ya fluoride yagurishijwe mugihugu. Crest yatsindiye Ishyirahamwe ry’amenyo ry’abanyamerika ry’ikimenyetso cyo kwemerwa mu 1960, bituma ibindi bicuruzwa bikurikiza. Kugeza mu myaka ya za 70, fluor yashizweho neza nkibikoresho bisanzwe birwanya cavit, kandi hafi ya buri menyo yinyo yinyo yo mumabanga yo muri Amerika yarimo fluoride.

Gusaba no Gutegeka

Kwemeza amenyo ya Fluoride ku isoko rya Amerika

Nyuma yo gutangiza neza Crest, isoko ryinyo yo muri Amerika ryagize ihinduka ryihuse. Mu myaka ya za 1980, hafi ya buri kirango gikomeye cyatangaga fluoride, kandi abaguzi bariyongereye. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku isoko mu myaka ya za 90 bwerekanye ko abana barenga 90% b’abana n’abanyamerika bakarabeje amenyo ya fluor. Muri iki gihe, inzira ya supermarket yiganjemo ibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri fluor, biterwa n’inama zikomeye zitangwa n’abaganga b’amenyo ndetse n’ibisabwa ko umuti w’amenyo utwara kashe ya ADA ugomba kuba ufite fluoride.

Imikorere igenga Fluoride mu menyo yinyo

Muri Amerika, umuti w’amenyo ya fluor ugengwa n’umuti urenze (OTC) munsi y’ibiro bishinzwe ibiryo n’ibiyobyabwenge (FDA) Anticaries Monograf (21 CFR 355). FDA yemerera ibibyimba bya fluor byihariye - nka sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, na fluor stannous - mugihe cyagenwe. Imenyo isanzwe yinyo igarukira kuri 850–1,150 ppm fluoride (0.085% –0.115% ion fluoride). Icyiciro cya "fluoride nyinshi" (kugeza 1.500 ppm) kiremewe gusa kuburira umutekano wongeyeho; ikintu cyose kiri hejuru ya 1500 ppm gisaba kwandikirwa.

Ibirango bisabwa birakomeye. Amenyo yinyo agomba kwerekana neza ko ari "anticavity" cyangwa "fluoride" mwizina ryibicuruzwa, andika ibirungo bya fluoride hamwe nijanisha ryayo, kandi agaragaze umuburo w’umutekano w’umwana munsi ya "Ibiyobyabwenge": "Ntukareke kugera ku bana bari munsi y’imyaka 6. Amabwiriza yo gukoresha-nko koza inshuro ebyiri buri munsi no kugenzura abana bari munsi yimyaka 6-nabyo birateganijwe. Aya mategeko atuma abaguzi bahabwa ubuyobozi busobanutse neza bwo gukoresha fluoride nziza.

Gukora neza n'umutekano

Inyungu-zubuzima rusange nubushobozi

Imyaka myinshi yubushakashatsi yerekana ko amenyo ya fluor agabanya cyane amenyo. Isuzuma ryibanze ryakozwe n’ubufatanye bwa Cochrane ryerekanye ko amenyo ya fluoride (≥1,000 ppm) arinda imyenge mu bana neza kuruta ubundi buryo butari fluoride. Ugereranije, gukaraba kabiri-buri munsi hamwe na fluoride yinyo yinyo igabanya karies ibyago 14-30%. Igikorwa cyibanze cya fluor gifasha kwibutsa enamel kandi, iyo ihujwe namazi ya fluor, irashobora kugabanya kubora kugera kuri 25% kurwego rwabaturage. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byagaragaye mu bihugu byo ku isi hose, byemeza ko amenyo ya fluoride ari kimwe mu bikorwa byangiza ubuzima rusange bw’ubuzima rusange bwo mu kanwa.

Impungenge z'umutekano n'impaka

Ikibazo cyibanze cyumutekano hamwe nu menyo wa fluor ni ukurenza urugero kubana bato, bishobora gutera fluorose y amenyo (amenyo yera cyangwa yijimye amenyo). Amakuru yo muri Amerika kuva 1999–2004 yerekana ko 40% byingimbi bagaragaza urugero rwa fluorose, nubwo akenshi usanga ari ibintu byoroheje kandi byo kwisiga. Kugira ngo ibyago bigabanuke, inzobere mu by'ubuzima zirasaba ko hakoreshwa “umuceri-ingano” y’amenyo y’amenyo ku bana bari munsi y’imyaka 3 n’amafaranga “angana n’amashaza” hagati y’imyaka 3-6, hamwe n’ubugenzuzi bukuze kugira ngo birinde kumira.

Uburozi bukabije bwa fluoride buturuka ku menyo yinyo ni gake cyane, bisaba kuribwa cyane. Amashyirahamwe akomeye y’ubuzima - harimo CDC, ADA, n’ishuri ry’Abanyamerika ryita ku bana - yemeza ko amenyo ya fluoride afite umutekano iyo akoreshejwe uko abitegetswe. Mu gihe ubushakashatsi buke bwibajije ibibazo bijyanye n'ingaruka za fluoride ku iterambere rya neurodevelopment ku rwego rwo hejuru, izi ngaruka zirenze kure cyane ibyo umwana yakira mu menyo yinyo cyangwa amazi ya fluor.

Muri make

Iyo ababyeyi bakurikije amabwiriza yo gukoresha, ibyago byo kwangirika kuri sisitemu ni bike.

Ibikorwa bya Politiki & Amategeko ya vuba muri Amerika

Mu 2024 na 2025, leta nyinshi zimutse zibuza fluoridation y’amazi y’abaturage - igikorwa kikaba gifite ingaruka zitaziguye ku kwishingikiriza ku bantu amenyo ya fluor. Kurugero, Utah na Florida bemeje amategeko abuza fluoridation y’amazi, bituma inzobere z’amenyo n’ubuzima bw’ubuzima bw’abaturage ziburira ko gukuraho fluor bishobora kongera imyenge cyane cyane mu bana. Umucamanza wa federasiyo yategetse kandi EPA gusuzuma ibipimo bya fluoride y’amazi yo kunywa, avuga ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka zishobora guterwa na neurodevelopmental. Mu gihe iki cyemezo kijuririrwa, CDC na ADA bongeye gushimangira ko fluoridation ikomeje kuba kimwe mu bintu byagezweho n’ubuzima rusange mu mateka y’Amerika.

Igenzurwa ryemewe ryamamaza ibicuruzwa byinyoza amenyo nabyo byakajije umurego. Mu ntangiriro za 2025, ibirego-by’ibikorwa by’ibirego byaregewe abakora amenyo akomeye y’amenyo, bavuga ko kwamamaza “uburiganya” ku bana - bavuga ko amenyo y’amenyo meza, yerekana ikarito ashishikarizwa kumira no kuyobya ababyeyi. Umushinjacyaha mukuru wa Texas yatangiye iperereza ku kumenya niba gupakira no kwamamaza binyuranyije n'amabwiriza ya FDA ku ikoreshwa rya fluor. ADA yashubije yongera gushimangira ko umuti w’amenyo ya fluorescent ukoreshwa ukurikiranwa, ari umutekano kandi ufite akamaro.

Inganda Igisubizo & Imyitozo myiza

Abakora inganda zikomeye zoza amenyo-nka Colgate-Palmolive na Procter & Gamble - bashimangira gukurikiza byimazeyo ibisabwa na monografiya ya FDA, ibizamini bikomeye, hamwe na label isobanutse. Berekana cyane Ikimenyetso cya ADA cyo Kwemererwa kubipfunyika kugirango bizeze abaguzi kwemeza abandi bantu. Ababikora barimo kandi imipira irwanya abana hamwe namabwiriza ya dosiye kugirango bagabanye ingaruka zo gufatwa. Nyuma y’ibibazo by’amategeko biherutse, amatsinda y’inganda yashimangiye ubuyobozi ku mikoreshereze y’umutekano: abantu bakuru bagomba kugenzura abana bari munsi y’imyaka 6, kandi basabwa gukurikiza urugero rw’amenyo y’amenyo (umuceri-ingano cyangwa ingano y’amashaza).

Usibye ibirango nyamukuru, ibigo bimwe "bisanzwe" cyangwa ibigo byihariye bitanga amenyo yinyo ya fluor kugirango abone ibyo bakeneye. Nyamara, ibyo bicuruzwa ntabwo bitwara anticavity kandi ntibishobora gutanga urwego rumwe rwo kwirinda kubora. Muri rusange, aho inganda zihagaze zirasobanutse: amenyo ya fluor aracyari uburyo bwiza bwo kwirinda umurongo wa mbere, kandi ababikora bazakomeza kunoza ibimenyetso, gupakira, hamwe nuburezi kugirango bakoreshe neza, babimenyeshejwe.

Ibitekerezo byisi yose kuri Fluoride

Kwisi yose, hari ubwumvikane bwagutse ku nyungu zoza amenyo ya fluoride, nubwo ibisobanuro birambuye bitandukanye. Mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, amenyo y’amenyo ashyirwa mu rwego rwo kwisiga no gufatwa kuri fluoride 1.500 ppm. Indwara z'abana akenshi zirimo 500-600 ppm kugirango bigabanye ibyago bya fluorose. Kubera ko Abanyaburayi bagera kuri 3% bonyine ari bo bakira amazi ya fluor, umuti w’amenyo ya fluor ugira uruhare runini mu gukumira urwobo. Amabwiriza ya Kanada agaragaza Amerika, ifata amenyo ya anticavity nk'umuti urenze urugero kandi ushimangira ubuyobozi bwa dosiye imwe kubana. Australiya yemerera fluoride igera kuri 1,450 ppm mu menyo yinyo kandi ishyigikira cyane fluoridation yabaturage. Inzego mpuzamahanga, harimo n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi, zirasaba gukoresha umuti w’amenyo hamwe na fluoride 1.000-100 ppm mu turere tudafite fluoridation y’amazi. Muri make, mugihe ibyiciro no kubishyira mubikorwa bitandukana gato, amenyo ya fluoride amenyekana kwisi yose nkingirakamaro kubuzima bwo mu kanwa.