Ihe kpatara na USA ji ewere fluoride na ntacha eze nke ọma

Ihe ndabere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fluoride na ahụike ọnụ US

Iji fluoride eme ihe na dọkịta eze America malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mgbe Dr. Frederick McKay chọpụtara "Colorado Brown Stain," emesị jikọta ya na fluoride sitere n'okike nke ukwuu na mmiri. N'afọ 1945, Grand Rapids, Michigan ghọrọ obodo mbụ n'ụwa na-eme ka mmiri na-enye ọha na eze fluoride, na-enye ihe àmà doro anya na fluoride na-ebelata oghere. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1970, ihe karịrị 100 nde ndị America nwetara mmiri fluoridated, na nyocha ngwa ngwa tụgharịrị na itinye fluoride n'ime ntacha eze.

N'afọ 1956, Procter & Gamble webatara Crest, ihe ntacha eze nke fluoride mbụ a na-ere na mba. Crest nwetara akara nnabata nke American Dental Association na 1960, na-akpali ụdị ndị ọzọ ịgbaso otu. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1970, fluoride guzosie ike dị ka ihe eji alụ ọgụ maka oghere oghere, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ntacha eze ọ bụla bụ isi na shelf US nwere fluoride.

Ngwa na Iwu

Nkwenye nke ntacha eze nke Fluoride n'ahịa America

Mgbe Crest rụchara nke ọma, ahịa ntacha eze US nwere mgbanwe ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1980, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akara ọ bụla bụ isi nyere usoro fluoride, na nnabata ndị ahịa gbagoro. Nnyocha e mere n'ahịa n'afọ ndị 1990 gosiri na ihe karịrị pasentị 90 nke ụmụaka na ndị okenye America ji ihe ntacha eze nke fluoride na-asachapụ. Taa, ngwaahịa ndị nwere fluoride na-achịkwa aisles ụlọ ahịa, nke ndụmọdụ siri ike sitere n'aka ndị dọkịta ezé na ihe achọrọ na ntacha eze ọ bụla na-ebu ADA Seal ga-enwerịrị fluoride.

Usoro nhazi Fluoride na-achị n'ime ntacha eze

Na United States, a na-ahazi ihe ntacha eze nke fluoride dị ka ọgwụ na-ere ahịa (OTC) n'okpuru Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Anticaries Monograph (21 CFR 355). FDA na-ekwe ka ogige fluoride kpọmkwem-dị ka sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, na fluoride dị egwu-na nhazi nhazi. Ụdị ihe ntacha eze nke ọkọlọtọ bụ naanị 850-1,150 ppm fluoride (0.085%-0.115% fluoride ion). A na-ahapụ udi “fluoride dị elu” (ihe ruru 1,500 ppm) naanị yana ịdọ aka ná ntị nchekwa agbakwunyere; ihe ọ bụla karịrị 1,500 ppm chọrọ ndenye ọgwụ.

Ihe ndị chọrọ ịde aha na-esikwa ike. Ihe ntacha eze ga-akọwara onwe ya nke ọma dị ka "anticavity" ma ọ bụ "fluoride" n'aha ngwaahịa, depụta ihe fluoride na-arụ ọrụ na pasent ya, ma gosipụta ịdọ aka ná ntị nchekwa ụmụaka n'okpuru "Eziokwu Ọgwụ": "Kwụsị ebe ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 6. Ọ bụrụ na ejiri ihe karịrị iji brushing na mberede loro, nweta enyemaka ahụike ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ onye nlekọta ahụike ozugbo." Ntuziaka maka ojiji-dị ka ịsa ahịhịa ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị na ilekọta ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 6- ka enyere iwu. Iwu ndị a na-ahụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa na-enweta ntụzịaka doro anya maka iji fluoride dị mma, dị irè.

Ịrụ ọrụ na nchekwa

Uru Ọha-Health na arụmọrụ

Ọtụtụ iri nnyocha gosiri na fluoride ntacha eze na-ebelata nke ọma ire ere. Ntụleghachi dị ịrịba ama sitere na Cochrane Collaboration chọpụtara na ntacha eze nke fluoride (≥1,000 ppm) na-egbochi oghere n'ime ụmụaka nke ọma karịa ndị ọzọ na-abụghị fluoride. Ná nkezi, iji ihe ntacha eze nke fluoride na-asachapụ ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ site na 14-30%. Mmetụta dị n'elu nke fluoride na-enyere aka remineralize enamel na, mgbe ejikọtara ya na mmiri fluoridated, nwere ike ibelata ire ere site na 25% na ọkwa ndị mmadụ. E gosipụtara nsonaazụ ndị a na mba ụwa niile, na-akwado ntacha eze nke fluoride dị ka otu n'ime mmemme ahụike ọha na eze kacha akwụ ụgwọ maka ahụike ọnụ.

Nchegbu na esemokwu nchekwa

Ihe nchekwa nchekwa bụ isi na ihe ntacha eze nke fluoride bụ ikpughe oke na ụmụaka, nke nwere ike ibute fluorosis eze (ọcha ma ọ bụ agba aja aja nke ezé). Ihe ndekọ US sitere na 1999-2004 na-egosi na ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-egosipụta ogo fluorosis, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ ikpe dị nro na ịchọ mma. Iji belata ihe ize ndụ, ndị ọkachamara ahụike na-atụ aro ka iji "ọka osikapa" nke ntacha eze maka ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 3 na ego "pea-size" maka afọ 3-6, na nlekọta ndị okenye iji gbochie ilo.

Nsi fluoride na-egbu egbu sitere na ntacha eze dị oke ụkọ, na-achọ ntinye nke ukwuu. Ndị otu ahụike na-eduga-gụnyere CDC, ADA, na American Academy of Pediatrics—kwenye na ntacha eze nke fluoride adịghị mma mgbe ejiri ya dịka ntuziaka. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọmụmụ welitere ajụjụ gbasara mmetụta fluoride na-emetụta neurodevelopment na ọkwa dị elu, ihe ngosi ndị a karịrị ihe nwatakịrị ga-enweta site na ntacha eze ma ọ bụ mmiri fluoridated.

Na mpempe

Mgbe ndị nne na nna na-agbaso ntuziaka ojiji akpọrọ, ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi sistemu bụ nke enweghị atụ.

Omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iwu na nso nso a na US

Na 2024 na 2025, ọtụtụ steeti kwagara machibido fluoride mmiri obodo - omume na-enwe mmetụta na-apụtachaghị ìhè na ịdabere na ọha na eze na ntacha eze fluoride. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Utah na Florida gafere iwu na-amachibido mmiri fluoridation, na-akpalite mmegide siri ike sitere na eze na ndị ọkachamara ahụike ọha na-adọ aka ná ntị na iwepụ fluoride nwere ike ịbawanye oghere, karịsịa n'etiti ụmụaka. Otu ọkàikpe gọọmenti etiti nyekwara EPA iwu ka ha nyochaa ụkpụrụ fluoride mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na-ehota ọmụmụ banyere mmetụta neurodevelopmental nwere ike ime. Ọ bụ ezie na mkpebi a dị n'okpuru mkpesa, CDC na ADA kwughachiri na fluoridation ka bụ otu n'ime mmezu ahụike ọha kachasị elu na akụkọ ntolite US.

Nleba anya n'iwu gbasara ahịa ntacha eze abawanyela. Na mbido 2025, a gbara akwụkwọ ikpe klaasị megide ndị isi na-emepụta ihe ntacha eze, na-ebo ebubo ire ụmụaka “na-eduhie eduhie”—nzọrọ na ntacha eze nwere akara ụtọ na-agba ume ilo na duhie ndị nne na nna. Texas Attorney General bidoro nyocha ma nkwakọ na mgbasa ozi na-emebi ụkpụrụ FDA maka iji fluoride. ADA zara ya site n'ikwughachi na ntacha eze nke fluorescent, nke ejiri n'okpuru nlekọta, dị mma ma dị irè.

Nzaghachi ụlọ ọrụ & Omume kacha mma

Ndị isi ndị na-emepụta ihe ntacha eze—dị ka Colgate-Palmolive na Procter & Gamble—na-ekwusi ike na nrube isi na ihe ndị chọrọ FDA monograph, nnwale siri ike, na ntinye aha doro anya. Ha na-egosipụta nke ọma akara ADA nke nnabata na nkwakọ ngwaahịa iji mesie ndị na-azụ ahịa obi ike maka nkwado ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-emepụta gụnyekwara okpu na-eguzogide ụmụaka na ntuziaka usoro onunu ogwu iji belata ihe egwu iri. N'ịgbaso ihe ịma aka iwu na nso nso a, otu ụlọ ọrụ akwadola ntuziaka maka iji nchekwa eme ihe: ndị okenye kwesịrị ilekọta ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 6, yana akwadoro nha nha eze (ọka osikapa ma ọ bụ oke agwa) kwesịrị ịgbaso nke ọma.

Na mgbakwunye na ụdị ndị a ma ama, ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ “eke” ma ọ bụ ọpụrụiche na-enye ntacha eze na-enweghị fluoride iji gboo mkpa ndị ahịa. Agbanyeghị, ngwaahịa ndị a anaghị ebu nkwuputa ihe mgbochi ma nwee ike ọ gaghị enye otu ọkwa mgbochi ire ere. N'ozuzu, ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ doro anya: ntacha eze nke fluoride na-anọgide na-abụ ihe nchebe mbụ kachasị mma megide oghere, na ndị na-emepụta ga-aga n'ihu na-akwalite ntinye aha, nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na mgbalị mmụta iji hụ na nchekwa na-eji ihe ọmụma.

Echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ na Iwu Fluoride

N'ụwa niile, enwere nkwenye sara mbara na uru nke ntacha eze nke fluoride, n'agbanyeghị nkọwa nhazi dị iche. Na European Union, a na-ekewa nchara eze dị ka ihe ịchọ mma ma kpuchie ya na 1,500 ppm fluoride. Usoro ụmụaka na-enwekarị 500-600 ppm iji belata ihe ize ndụ fluorosis. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe dị ka 3% nke ndị Europe na-enweta mmiri fluoridated, ntacha eze fluoride na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mgbochi oghere. Iwu Canada na-egosipụta US, na-emeso ntacha eze na-egbochi oghere dị ka ọgwụ a na-ere ahịa ma na-akwado ntuziaka usoro ọgwụgwọ maka ụmụaka. Ọstrelia na-enye ohere ruo 1,450 ppm fluoride na ntacha eze ma na-akwado fluoridation mmiri obodo. Òtù mba ụwa, gụnyere Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa, na-akwado iji ntacha eze nwere 1,000-1,500 ppm fluoride na mpaghara enweghị mmiri fluorid. Na nkenke, ebe nhazi na mmejuputa ya na-adịgasị iche iche, a na-amata ncha eze fluoride dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọnụ.