Ihe Mere Mba Amerịka Ji Jiri Fluoride Mee Ihe Dị Mkpa n'Ịtụ Aka Ntụ Ezé

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Fluoride na Ahụike Ọnụ na US

Ojiji fluoride n'ọgwụ ezé Amerịka malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mgbe Dr. Frederick McKay chọpụtara "Colorado Brown Stain," nke mechara jikọta ya na oke fluoride eke dị na mmiri. Na 1945, Grand Rapids, Michigan ghọrọ obodo mbụ n'ụwa nke na-eme ka mmiri ọha na eze dị na ya dị ọcha, na-enye ihe akaebe doro anya na fluoride na-ebelata oghere. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1970, ihe karịrị nde 100 nke ndị America natara mmiri fluoride, nnyocha wee gbanwee ngwa ngwa iji tinye fluoride n'ime ezé ezé.

Na 1956, Procter & Gamble webatara Crest, ọgwụ ezé fluoride mbụ a na-ere n'obodo niile. Crest nwetara akara nnabata nke American Dental Association na 1960, nke mere ka ụdị ndị ọzọ soro ya. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1970, e guzobere fluoride dị ka ihe a na-ejikarị alụ ọgụ oghere, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile e ji asa ezé eme na shelf US nwere fluoride.

Ngwa na Iwu

Nnwale Ezé Fluoride n'Ahịa Amerịka

Mgbe Crest malitere ọrụ nke ọma, ahịa ezé ezé nke mba Amerịka gbanwere ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1980, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ngwaahịa niile dị mkpa na-enye usoro fluoride, nnabata ndị ahịa mụbara. Nnyocha ahịa na afọ 1990 gosiri na ihe karịrị 90% nke ụmụaka na ndị okenye America na-aṅụ ọgwụ ezé fluoride. Taa, ngwaahịa ndị e ji fluoride mee na-achịkwa ụlọ ahịa dị n'ụlọ ahịa, nke ndị dọkịta ezé na-akwado na iwu na ihe ọ bụla e ji ọgwụ ezé ADA Seal ga-enwerịrị fluoride.

Usoro Iwu Na-achịkwa Fluoride na Ntụ Ezé

Na mba United States, a na-achịkwa ezé fluoride dị ka ọgwụ a na-ere n'ụlọ ahịa (OTC) n'okpuru Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Anticaries Monograph (21 CFR 355). FDA na-ekwe ka ngwakọta fluoride kpọmkwem—dị ka sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, na stannous fluoride—na oke a na-achịkwa. Usoro ezé a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-ejedebe na ihe dị ka 850–1,150 ppm fluoride (0.085%–0.115% fluoride ion). A na-ekwe ka ụdị "fluoride dị elu" (ruo 1,500 ppm) naanị ma ọ bụrụ na e nyere ịdọ aka ná ntị nchekwa ọzọ; ihe ọ bụla karịrị 1,500 ppm chọrọ ndenye ọgwụ.

Ihe achọrọ maka akara ndị a siri ike. Ọgwụ ezé ga-akọwapụta onwe ya nke ọma dị ka "ihe mgbochi" ma ọ bụ "fluoride" n'aha ngwaahịa ahụ, depụta ihe mejupụtara fluoride na pasentị ya, ma gosipụta ịdọ aka ná ntị maka nchekwa ụmụaka n'okpuru "Eziokwu Ọgwụ": "Debe ya ebe ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 6 na-agaghị eru ya aka. Ọ bụrụ na e loro ihe karịrị ihe e ji asa ezé n'amaghị ama, chọọ enyemaka ahụike ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ Ebe Nchịkwa Nsị ozugbo." Ntuziaka maka ojiji - dị ka ịsa ezé ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị na ilekọta ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 6 - bụkwa iwu. Iwu ndị a na-eme ka ndị ahịa nweta nduzi doro anya maka ojiji fluoride dị mma ma dị irè.

Ịrụ ọrụ na nchekwa

Uru na Ịrụ Ọrụ Ahụike Ọha na Eze

Nnyocha ọtụtụ iri afọ gosiri na ọgwụ ezé fluoride na-ebelata ire ere nke ukwuu. Nnyocha dị mkpa sitere na Cochrane Collaboration chọpụtara na ọgwụ ezé fluoride (≥1,000 ppm) na-egbochi oghere n'ime ụmụaka nke ọma karịa ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị fluoride. Na nkezi, iji ọgwụ ezé fluoride asa ezé ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke caries site na 14–30%. Mmetụta fluoride n'elu ahụ na-enyere aka ime ka enamel dịghachi ọcha, mgbe ejikọtara ya na mmiri fluoride, nwere ike ibelata ire ere ruo 25% na ọkwa ndị mmadụ. A na-egosipụta nsonaazụ ndị a na mba ụwa niile, na-akwado ọgwụ ezé fluoride dị ka otu n'ime ọgwụ ahụike ọha na eze kacha dị ọnụ ala maka ahụike ọnụ.

Nchegbu na Arụmụka Banyere Nchekwa

Isi ihe dị mkpa gbasara nchekwa ezé fluoride bụ ikpughe oke n'ime ụmụaka, nke nwere ike ibute fluorosis ezé (nsị ọcha ma ọ bụ aja aja nke ezé). Data US sitere na 1999–2004 na-egosi na ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị ntorobịa na-egosipụta ụfọdụ fluorosis, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ikpe dị obere ma dịkwa mma. Iji belata ihe ize ndụ, ndị ọkachamara ahụike na-akwado iji ọnụọgụ "osikapa" nke ezé maka ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 3 na ọnụọgụ "pea" maka afọ 3-6, yana nlekọta ndị okenye iji gbochie ilo.

Nsi fluoride dị oke njọ site na ezé ezé na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke chọrọ ka e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu. Ndị otu ahụike dị elu—gụnyere CDC, ADA, na American Academy of Pediatrics—na-ekwusi ike na ezé ezé fluoride dị mma mgbe ejiri ya dịka ntuziaka si dị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nnyocha ewelitela ajụjụ gbasara mmetụta fluoride nwere na mmepe akwara ozi na ọkwa ikpughe dị elu, ikpughe ndị a karịrị ihe nwatakịrị ga-enweta site na ezé ezé ma ọ bụ mmiri fluoride.

Na mpempe

Mgbe ndị nne na nna gbasoro ntuziaka ojiji e dere aha, ihe egwu nke mmerụ ahụ sistemụ adịghị oke.

Mmegharị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị na Iwu na US

Na 2024 na 2025, ọtụtụ steeti kpebiri machibido iji fluoride eme ihe n'obodo—ihe a na-eme nke nwere mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè na ntụkwasị obi ọha na eze na ezé fluoride. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Utah na Florida mere iwu ndị machibidoro iji fluoride eme ihe n'ime mmiri, nke kpalitere nnukwu mkpesa site n'aka ndị ọkachamara ahụike ezé na ọha na eze, bụ ndị na-adọ aka ná ntị na iwepụ fluoride ga-eme ka oghere dị n'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ dịkwuo elu, karịsịa n'etiti ụmụaka. Onye ọkaikpe gọọmentị etiti nyekwara EPA iwu ka ọ nyochaa ụkpụrụ fluoride nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na-ekwu maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmetụta mmepe akwara. Ọ bụ ezie na mkpebi a dị n'okpuru mkpesa, CDC na ADA kwughachiri na fluoride ka bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị mma a rụzuru n'ihe gbasara ahụike ọha na eze na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke US.

Nnyocha iwu kwadoro ahịa ezé amụbaala. Na mbido afọ 2025, e tinyere akwụkwọ ikpe megide ndị na-emepụta ezé ukwu, na-ebo ebubo na ahịa ezé "aghọgbu" nye ụmụaka - nkwupụta na ezé ezé nwere ụtọ, nke e ji katọn mee na-agba ndị nne na nna ume ilo ma duhie ha. Ọkaiwu General nke Texas malitere nyocha ma nkwakọ ngwaahịa na mgbasa ozi megidere ntuziaka FDA gbasara ojiji fluoride. ADA zara site n'ikwughachi na ezé ezé fluorescent, nke a na-eji n'okpuru nlekọta, dị mma ma dịkwa irè.

Mmeghachi Omume Ụlọ Ọrụ na Omume Kachasị Mma

Ndị na-emepụta ihe nhicha ezé bụ́ isi—dịka Colgate-Palmolive na Procter & Gamble—na-emesi ike ịgbaso ihe achọrọ na akwụkwọ FDA, nnwale ihe mejupụtara ya siri ike, na akara doro anya. Ha na-egosipụta akara nnabata ADA nke ọma na ngwugwu iji mee ka ndị na-azụ ahịa kwenye na nkwenye nke ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-etinyekwa okpu ndị na-anaghị ekwe ụmụaka na ntuziaka dose iji belata ihe egwu iri nri. Mgbe ihe ịma aka iwu na-adịbeghị anya gasịrị, otu ụlọ ọrụ emeela ka ntuziaka sie ike maka ojiji dị mma: ndị okenye kwesịrị ilekọta ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 6, a ga-agbasokwa ọnụọgụ ezé akwadoro (osikapa-ọka ma ọ bụ nha agwa) nke ọma.

E wezụga ụdị ndị a ma ama, ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ "eke" ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche na-enye ọgwụ ezé na-enweghị fluoride iji gboo mkpa ndị ahịa. Agbanyeghị, ngwaahịa ndị a anaghị enwe nkwupụta mgbochi ire ere ma nwee ike ọ gaghị enye otu ọkwa mgbochi ire ere. N'ozuzu, ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ doro anya: ọgwụ ezé fluoride ka bụ ihe nchebe kachasị mma megide oghere ezé, ndị nrụpụta ga-anọgidekwa na-eme ka akara, nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na mbọ agụmakwụkwọ dịkwuo mma iji hụ na ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị nchebe ma mara ihe.

Echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara Iwu Fluoride

N'ụwa niile, e nwere nkwekọrịta sara mbara gbasara uru nke ọgwụ ezé fluoride, ọ bụ ezie na nkọwa iwu dị iche. Na European Union, a na-akpọ ọgwụ ezé dị ka ihe ịchọ mma ma kpuchie ya na fluoride 1,500 ppm. Usoro ọgwụgwọ ụmụaka na-enwekarị 500-600 ppm iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke fluoride. Ebe ọ bụ na naanị ihe dị ka 3% nke ndị Europe na-enweta mmiri fluoride, ọgwụ ezé fluoride na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mgbochi oghere. Iwu Canada na-egosi US, na-emeso ọgwụ ezé anticavity dị ka ọgwụ a na-ere n'ụlọ ahịa ma na-akwado otu ntuziaka maka ọgwụ maka ụmụaka. Australia na-enye ohere ruo 1,450 ppm fluoride na ọgwụ ezé ma na-akwado fluoride mmiri obodo nke ukwuu. Ndị otu mba ụwa, gụnyere Òtù Ahụike Ụwa, na-akwado iji ọgwụ ezé nwere fluoride 1,000-1,500 ppm na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị fluoride mmiri. Na nkenke, ọ bụ ezie na nhazi na mmejuputa ya dị iche iche ntakịrị, a na-amata ezé ezé fluoride dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọnụ.